Low standby power smart bulb based on a linear power supply

ABSTRACT

A driver circuit that includes an input side including a power input circuit and an output side including a light emitting diode (LED) output current circuit. The output side of the driver circuit includes an output smoothing capacitor for controlling flicker percentage. A light emitting diode (LED) power supply circuit is present between the input side and the output side for controlling current from the AC power input circuit to the light emitting diode (LED) output current circuit. The LED power supply circuit includes at least two linear current regulators that are connected in parallel. The circuit also includes a controller circuit including a controller for signaling the light emitting diode (LED) power supply to control current to the light emitting diode (LED) output current circuit to provide a lighting characteristic.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure generally relates to methods and structures thatincorporate linear power supplies into light emitting devices whilesimultaneously providing a suitable power factor and flicker percentagefor the lamp. The present disclosure also relates to methods andstructures that incorporate linear power supplies into light emittingdevices providing acceptable thermal performance, and providing EMIfiltering while receiving pulse width modulation (PWM) control signals.

BACKGROUND

Improvements in lighting technology often rely on finite light sources(e.g., light-emitting diode (LED) devices) to generate light. In manyapplications, LED devices offer superior performance to conventionallight sources (e.g., incandescent and halogen lamps). Further, lightbulbs have become smarter in recent years. People can now replacestandard incandescent bulbs with smart bulbs that can be controlledwirelessly using smart phones or tablets. How to make a smart lamp notonly with decent quality meeting all the standards, but also at a lowprice can be a challenge. This can be complicated by lighting standardsthat may be required of an area or jurisdiction. For example, smartlighting products sold in California are to meet CEC Title 21 tier 2standards.

SUMMARY

In one embodiment, the methods and structures of the present disclosureprovide a smart bulb with low standby power, low EMI emission, low cost,low flicker percentage, and a high-power factor in a linear power supplydesign.

In one aspect, a driver circuit for lighting applications is providedthat includes a linear power supply circuit, in which the circuits whenintegrated into a smart bulb can provide a low standby power, low EMIemission, low cost, low flicker percentage, and a high-power factor.

In one embodiment, the driver circuit that includes an input sideincluding a power input circuit and an output side including a lightemitting diode (LED) output current circuit. The output side of thedriver circuit includes an output smoothing capacitor for controllingflicker percentage. A light emitting diode (LED) power supply circuit ispresent between the input side and the output side of the drivercircuit. The light emitting diode (LED) power supply circuit is forcontrolling current from the AC power input circuit to the lightemitting diode (LED) output current circuit, wherein the LED powersupply circuit includes at least one linear current regulator. Thedriver circuit includes a controller circuit including a controller forsignaling the light emitting diode (LED) power supply to control currentto the light emitting diode (LED) output current circuit to provide alighting characteristic. In one embodiment, the at least one linearcurrent regulator includes at least two linear current regulators thatare in parallel connection, wherein by said parallel connection thermalload is divided between the at least two linear current regulators.

In some embodiments, the driver circuit can simultaneously provide botha flicker percentage that is less than 30%, and a power factor that isgreater than 0.7. In some embodiments, the driver circuit does notinclude an input smoothing capacitor for controlling flickering in theinput side of the driver circuit. In the driver circuit, the flickeringpercentage is controlled by the output capacitance only, via the outputsmoothing capacitor.

In some embodiments, the driver circuit further includes acommunications module in communication with the controller circuit. Thecommunications module can feed a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal tothe input side of the driver circuit. This signal may be used to controlthe dimming settings of the light engine of the lamp being poweredthrough the driver circuit. In some embodiments, the driver circuitfurther includes an electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter in theinput side of the driver circuit. The electromagnetic interference (EMI)filter can be present between the bridge rectifier of the power inputcircuit and the light emitting diode (LED) power supply circuit.

In another aspect, a lamp is provided that can include a linear powersupply circuit, in which the circuits when integrated into a smart bulbcan provide a low standby power, low EMI emission, low cost, low flickerpercentage, and a high-power factor. In some embodiments, the lampincludes light emitting diodes (LEDs) for providing light; and a driverpackage including an input side having a power input circuit and anoutput side having a light emitting diode (LED) output current circuitto the light engine, wherein the output side of the driver circuitincludes an output smoothing capacitor for controlling flickerpercentage. The driver circuit can also include a light emitting diode(LED) power supply circuit present between the input side and the outputside of the driver circuit, wherein the LED power supply circuitincludes at least one linear current regulator. The driver circuit canalso include a controller circuit including a controller for signalingthe light emitting diode (LED) power supply to control current to thelight emitting diode (LED) output current circuit for powering the lightengine. In one embodiment, the at least one linear current regulatorincludes at least two linear current regulators that are in parallelconnection, wherein by the parallel connection thermal load is dividedbetween the at least two linear current regulators.

In some embodiments, the light emitting diodes (LEDs) of lamp includesfrom 5 light emitting diodes (LEDs) to 25 light emitting diodes (LEDs)that are connected in series. In some embodiments, the lamp cansimultaneously provide both a flicker percentage that is less than 30%,and a power factor that is greater than 0.7. The lamp may furtherinclude a communications module in communication with the controllercircuit. The communications module can feed a pulse width modulation(PWM) signal to the input side of the driver circuit. The lamp mayfurther include an electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter in theinput side of the driver circuit. The EMI filter may filter the noise ofthe pulse width modulation (PWM) signal being fed to the driver circuit.

In another aspect, a method of powering a lighting device is provided,in which the method can provide a lamp having a low standby power, lowEMI emission, low cost, low flicker percentage, and a high-power factor.In one embodiment, the method includes positioning a driver circuitbetween a power source and a light engine, the driver circuit includingan input side including a power input circuit for communication to thepower source, and an output side in communication with the light engine.The method further includes controlling flickering performance bypositioning an output smoothing capacitor in the output side of thedriver circuit, wherein the input side of the circuit does not includean input smoothing capacitor. The method further includes controllingcurrent from the power source to the light engine with a light emittingdiode (LED) power supply circuit that is present between the input sideand the output side of the driver circuit. The light emitting diode(LED) power supply circuit includes at one linear current regulator. Insome embodiments, the at least one linear current regulator includes atleast two linear current regulators that are in parallel connection,wherein by the parallel connection thermal load is divided between theat least two linear current regulators. In some embodiments, the methodcan provide a lamp having a flicker percentage that is less than 30%,and having a power factor that is greater than 0.7. In some embodiments,controlling the current by the light emitting diode (LED) power supplycircuit can include a pulse width modulation (PWM) control signal thatis fed into the input side of the circuit. In some embodiments, themethod may further include filtering noise from the pulse widthmodulation (PWM) control signal with an EMI filter positioned betweenthe light emitting diode (LED) power supply circuit and the powersource.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following description will provide details of embodiments withreference to the following figures wherein:

FIG. 1 is a plot illustrating an example of the peaks and troughs in alight output waveform (modulation) and the shape of the waveform, asused for describing a flickering percentage measurement.

FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of a linear power supply for integrationinto smart bulbs, such as light emitting diode (LED) smart bulbs, inwhich the linear power supply eliminates the input capacitance and useonly the output capacitance to control flicker percentage in a designthat meets CEC requirements, such as CEC Title 21 Tier 2 requirements,in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of a comparative linear power supply.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating a linear power supply circuit, asdepicted in FIG. 2, integrated into a smart lamp, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 is an exploded view of a lamp including a linear power supply asdepicted in the circuit illustrated in FIG. 2 and the block diagramillustrated in FIG. 4, in accordance with one embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference in the specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” ofthe present invention, as well as other variations thereof, means that aparticular feature, structure, characteristic, and so forth described inconnection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment ofthe present invention. Thus, the appearances of the phrase “in oneembodiment” or “in an embodiment”, as well any other variations,appearing in various places throughout the specification are notnecessarily all referring to the same embodiment.

In some embodiments, the methods and structures described herein providea linear power supply for powering smart bulbs, such as a smart bulb,that includes a light engine of light emitting diodes (LEDs). The smartlamps incorporating the linear power supply circuit design describedherein, and depicted in one embodiment in FIG. 2, can have a low standbypower, low EMI emission, low cost, low flicker percentage, and ahigh-power factor. As used herein, the term “smart bulb” or “smart LEDbulb” denotes a lighting device, such as a light bulb or lamp, having amicrocontroller as one of the components of the device, in which themicrocontroller effectuates at least one set of instructions forcontrolling at least one characteristic of light being emitted from thedevice. A microcontroller may be an integrated circuit (IC) designed togovern a specific operation in an embedded system. In some embodiments,the microcontroller includes a processor, memory and input/output (I/O)peripherals on a single chip. The microcontroller may sometimes bereferred to as an embedded controller or microcontroller unit (MCU). Insmart lamps, a microcontroller can be used to control functions of thelamp, such as lighting characteristics, e.g., light color, lightintensity, light temperature, light dimming, light flickering andcombinations thereof. The microcontroller can also be used to turn thelamps ON and OFF in response to time, and calendar date. Themicrocontroller can also be used to change lighting characteristics inresponse to commands received wirelessly, e.g., from a user interface ofa desktop computer and/or a wireless device, such as a tablet,smartphone or similar type device. The microcontroller can also changelighting characteristics in response to signal received from a sensor,such as a light sensor, motion sensor or other like sensor.

The methods and structures of the present disclosure provides a smartlamp having suitable lighting quality and low manufacturing cost, whilemeeting lighting standards, such as CEC Title 21 tier 2 standards. Forexample, to meet CEC Title 21 tier 2 standards, smart light bulbs lessthan 10 W, the bulb should satisfy the following conditions:

-   -   1. Flicker percentage: less than 30% for light component below        200 Hz, at either 100% or 20% light output level;    -   2. Standby power: less than 0.2 W;    -   3. Power factor: larger than 0.7;    -   4. EMI: satisfy FCC standard    -   5. Light efficiency: Lumen per Watt+2.3*CRI be larger than 297.

Additionally, from an electrical design perspective, the methods andstructures of the present disclosure can provide a bulb having lowerpower requirements, good thermal performance, and pulse width modulation(PWM) control for RF control (wireless control), while providing alow-cost design. The methods and structures of the present disclosurealso resolve the difficulties found in commercially available linearpower supplies and switch mode power supplies.

A switched-mode power supply (switching-mode power supply, switch-modepower supply, switched power supply, SMPS, or switcher) is an electronicpower supply that incorporates a switching regulator to convertelectrical power. An SMPS transfers power from an AC source (often mainspower) to DC loads, while converting voltage and currentcharacteristics. Unlike a linear power supply, the pass transistor of aswitching-mode supply continually switches between low-dissipation,full-on and full-off states, and spends little time in the highdissipation transitions, which minimizes wasted energy. Ideally, aswitched-mode power supply dissipates no power. Voltage regulation isachieved by varying the ratio of on-to-off time. In contrast, a linearpower supply regulates the output voltage by continually dissipatingpower in a pass transistor.

A linear voltage regulator, i.e., linear power supply, converts avarying DC voltage to a constant, often specific, lower DC voltage. Inaddition, they often provide a current limiting function to protect thepower supply and load from overcurrent (excessive, potentiallydestructive current). A constant output voltage is desired in many powersupply applications, but the voltage provided by many energy sourceswill vary with changes in load impedance. Furthermore, when anunregulated DC power supply is the energy source, its output voltagewill also vary with changing input voltage. To circumvent this, somepower supplies use a linear voltage regulator, i.e., linear powersupply, to maintain the output voltage at a steady value, independent offluctuations in input voltage and load impedance. Linear regulators canalso reduce the magnitude of ripple and noise on the output voltage.

Switch mode power supplies employ magnetic components, capacitors and aswitching device, such as a metal oxide semiconductor field effecttransistor (MOSFET), bipolar junction transistor (BJT) or diode, tooperate, and these components can be costly. In contrast, linear powersupplies do not require switching devices or magnetic components, and ithas been determined that linear power supplies can be implemented in lowcost designs. It has also been determined that linear power supplies canbe integrated with pulse width modulation (PMW) control, because linearpower supplied can directly feed the pulse width modulation (PMW) signalto the control terminal of the power device. The switch supplycontroller must translate the pulse width modulation (PMW) input intoother internal signals, and requires additional circuitry to do so,which adds cost to designs integrating switch supply controllers.

However, prior to the methods and structures of the present disclosure,linear power supplies have not been employed in lighting products, suchas smart bulbs, which can meet the aforementioned CEC Title 21 Tier 2requirements. It has been determined that the reason for linear powersupplies not being employed in lighting procures, such as smart bulbs inproducts for meeting CEC Title 21 Tier 2 requirements, is that there aremany other challenges emerge once using linear supplies in LED smartbulbs.

For example, it has been determined that linear power supplies in smartbulb applications, such as LED smart bulbs, have been unable to achievea power factor higher than 0.7 simultaneously with providing a flickerpercentage of less than 30%. “Power factor” is determined by the anglebetween the actual power and the apparent power, which can be derivedfrom the angle between input current and input voltage. The higher theangle between input current and input voltage, the lower the powerfactor will be. Adding an input capacitor to the power supply circuit toincrease capacitance will enlarge the angle between the input currentand the input voltage, which will therefore reduce the power factor.

However, despite the disadvantages of adding a capacitor to a powersupply circuit, e.g., the decrease in power factor in a linear powersupply that results from adding a capacitor, the use of capacitors inpower supply circuits can be needed to control the flicker performanceof the power supply. AC lighting including incandescent, CFL and LEDtypes generally exhibit varying degrees of flicker; usually at doublethe line frequency (100 Hz flicker for a 50 Hz mains frequency or 120 Hzfor a 60 Hz mains frequency). While flicker above 75 Hz is notnoticeable to most individuals, the perceptibility of flicker is notjust a function of frequency, but also the relative intensity of thepeaks and troughs of the light output waveform (modulation) and theshape of the waveform, which describes the duration of varying lightlevels over time within each cycle (duty cycle). FIG. 1 representsflicker for a 120 hz frequency signal. Referring to FIG. 1, the flickerpercentage is a measure of the depth of modulation of flicker and iscalculated using the following formula:

Percent Flicker=100%×(max−min)/(max+min)

The lower the flicker percent, the less substantial the flicker.

In one example, a driver, i.e., power supply, of a smart bulb includinga linear power supply generally needs a large input capacitor, e.g., onthe order of 0.1 μF to 1 mF, to provide a flicker percentage that isless than 30%. The AC waveform is sinusoidal. After the bridge, thenegative half cycle is reversed. However, depth of modulation or flickerpercentage is 100. If an electrolytic capacitor (eCap) is added to thecircuit, near the peak of the waveform for the input voltage the e-capis being charged, and while near the valley of the waveform, the e-capreleases energy to power up the light emitting diodes (LEDs). In thisexample, the e-cap serves as a valley filler for the output, making theoutput smoother. In some instances, the larger the e-cap is, thesmoother the output voltage becomes.

One challenge to integrating a linear power supply into a smart bulb,e.g., light emitting diode (LED) smart bulb, is getting a power factorhigher than 0.7 and flicker percentage lower than 30% at the same timewhile employing the linear power supply. The driver should have lessinput capacitance to get a higher power factor. Power factor isdetermined by the angle between actual power and apparent power, whichcan be derived from the angle between input current and input voltage.The higher angle between input current and input voltage, the lowerpower factor it will get. Adding a larger input capacitance willnaturally enlarge the angle between input current and input voltage,thus reduce the power factor.

However, the driver will need a very large input capacitance to get aflicker percentage lower than 30%, and this is determined by the RC timeconstant. The LED load can be considered as a relatively constantresistance when it operates with stable voltage across it and stablecurrent through it. In this way, in some embodiments, the RC timeconstant can determine how long it will take for the current through theLED to decay. The longer decay time with the driver, the less flickerpercentage it will be able to offer. To get a flicker percentage lowerthan 30%, a large input capacitance, e.g., ranging from 0.1 μF to 1 mF,can be employed to make RC time constant rather long and thus longerdecay time and less flicker percentage.

In view of the above determinations, the requirement on inputcapacitance for a higher power factor than 0.7 and flicker percentageless than 30% contradict with each other, and a single value of inputcapacitance may not meet both requirements.

Another problem with using linear supplies in LED smart bulbs is thermaldesign. The thermal pressure on output LED is rather low, but high onthe power device and RF module. This can be due to the linear powersupply topology, which puts a majority of power loss on the linearregulator.

A further difficulty with employing linear power supplies in LED smartbulbs is meeting EMI/EMC requirements with PWM implemented and no inputcapacitance. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is a disturbancegenerated by an external source that affects an electrical circuit byelectromagnetic induction, electrostatic coupling, or conduction.Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is the branch of electricalengineering concerned with the unintentional generation, propagation andreception of electromagnetic energy which may cause unwanted effectssuch as electromagnetic interference (EMI).

In a linear power supply, EMI/EMC is generally not a problem, becausethere is no switching noise in the driver. However, in some examples, toimplement PWM control, the PWM signal is fed on the AC input side. Also,the frequency of PWM signal should be high to avoid low frequency noise,which can cause visible flicker to the bulb. However, the high PWMfrequency is also bad for EMI/EMC performance, because high PWMfrequency signals are harder to filter out. Additionally, outputcapacitance generally can not filter out the noise produced by the PWM.

Prior to the methods and structures of the present disclosure, switchmode power supplies were used in smart light bulbs meeting CECrequirements. This approach resulted in a higher cost, making the smartlight bulbs incorporating the switch mode power supplies that weresuitable for the CEC requirements, such as CEC Title 21 Tier 2requirements, less affordable for most households.

In some embodiments, in view of the above discoveries and observations,methods and structures are described herein that can provide low-costsmart lamp products based on a linear power supply that meets all theCEC Title 21 Tier 2. As depicted in FIG. 2, in some embodiments, thelinear power supply incorporated into the smartbulbs, i.e., lightemitting diode (LED) smartbulbs, of the present disclosure can meet CECrequirements, such as CEC Title 21 Tier 2 requirements, in a designbalancing flicker percentage, power factor, thermal performance andcapability of PWM control input to work with RF wireless control.

The circuit of the linear power supply 100 a depicted in FIG. 2 providesa low-cost solution with a linear power supply approach. This approachcan apply rectified AC voltage across the LEDs 351, and provide a linearregulator integrated circuit (IC). The elimination of inductor andswitching device significantly reduces cost of the driver.

To obtain a high power factor, in the circuit of the linear power supply100 a that is depicted in FIG. 2, a filtering capacitor (referred to asoutput smoothing capacitor 81) is located on the output stage, i.e.,output capacitor circuit 80, directly between the output terminal to thelight emitting diodes (LEDs)(referred to as the LED output circuit 90).A “capacitor” is a passive two-terminal electronic component that storeselectrical energy in an electric field. In some embodiments, inside thecapacitor, the terminals connect to two metal plates separated by anon-conducting substance, or dielectric. FIG. 3 depicts a comparativecircuit for a linear power supply 100 b, in which the filteringcapacitor (also referred to as an input capacitor 82, is located rightafter the bridge rectifier 26 of the AC input 25 and before the powercontroller 83. The input capacitor 82 may also be referred to assmoothing capacitor. The input smoothing capacitor 82 may be employed toimprove the average DC output of the rectifier, e.g., rectifying bridge26, while at the same time reducing the AC variation of the rectifiedoutput by employing the input stabilizing capacitor 82 to filter theoutput waveform. In the comparative circuit of the linear power supply100 b, the input capacitor 82 provides a stable power source for thecontroller, but sacrifices the power factor. Referring to FIG. 2, in thelinear power supply 100 a employed in the driver electronics 250 (asdepicted in FIG. 4) of the present disclosure, the filtering capacitor(referred to as output smoothing capacitor 81) is positioned between theoutput terminals of the LED output circuit 90 to the light emittingdiodes (LEDs) 91 to provide a good power factor, e.g., a power factorgreater than 0.7, and a low flicker percentage.

The circuit of the linear power supply 100 a that is depicted in FIG. 2is also capable of wireless control through RF module 450 and pulsewidth modulation (PWM). To provide that the bulb 500 is controllablethrough wireless communication, like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and ZigBee, thecontroller circuit 10 of the bulb 500 can be in communication with an RFmodule 450 to receive commands from a user terminal device 460, whichcan be provided by a phone, a tablet or even voice control device likeAlexa™ and Google™ home, and also a power controller circuit 30, e.g.,voltage regulator 31, with capability of PWM input to control the outputpower, so that the user can dim the bulb 500 remotely.

Referring to FIG. 2, in some embodiments, to compensate the EMI noisebrought by PWM of input current, an EMI filter circuit 27 is positionedwithin the linear power supply circuit 100 a, in which the EMI filtercircuit 27 is positioned before the power circuit, i.e., the LED powersupply circuit 15. The linear power supply circuit 100 a depicted inFIG. 2, which can include the EMI filter circuit 27, can meet FCCrequirements. In some embodiments, the EMI filter circuit 27 has twotypes of components that work together to suppress these signals. Forexample, the EMI filter circuit 27 may include capacitors 28 andinductors 29. The capacitor 28 can inhibit direct current, in which asignificant amount of electromagnetic interference is carried into adevice, while permitting alternating current to pass. The inductor isessentially a tiny electromagnet that is able to hold energy in amagnetic field, as electric current is passed through it, therebyreducing total voltage. The capacitors 28 used in EMI filter circuit 27can be called EMI capacitors, which redirect current in a specificrange, high frequency, away from a circuit or component. The EMIcapacitor 28 feeds the high frequency current/interference into at leastone inductor 29, in which when multiple inductors 29 are used they canbe arranged in series. As the current passes through the inductor 29,the overall strength or voltage is reduced.

Referring to FIG. 2, in some embodiments, the linear power supplycircuit 100 a powers a dedicatedly designed LED load (eighteen 8.2 VLEDs in series), the driver can operate with a fairly high efficiencyunder standard 120V AC input. For example, the stabilized efficiency isabove 88%. A stabilized efficiency being higher than 88% is even higherthan most of the switch-mode power supplies. The LEDs may be surfacemount devices (SMD) of type 2835 LEDs. The forward voltage for the LEDsmay be greater than 8.2V, e.g., be greater than 8.7V.

In some embodiments, the LED power supply circuit 15 includes at leastone linear current regulator. Referring to FIG. 2, in some embodimentsof the linear power supply circuit 100 a, the LED power supply circuit15 employs two linear power supply modules (IC), i.e., linear currentregulators 16 a, 16 b, in parallel to share the thermal pressure. Theterm “parallel” when describing electrical components in a circuit,denotes that the two or more components are connected in parallel, sothat they have the same difference of potential (voltage) across theirends. The potential differences across the components are the same inmagnitude, and they also have identical polarities. The same voltage isapplied to all circuit components connected in parallel. The totalcurrent is the sum of the currents through the individual componentsthat are connected in parallel, in accordance with Kirchhoff's currentlaw.

A linear regulator is a system used to maintain a steady current orvoltage. For example, the resistance of the regulator varies inaccordance with the load resulting in a constant output voltage. Theregulating device is made to act like a variable resistor, continuouslyadjusting a voltage divider network to maintain a constant outputvoltage and continually dissipating the difference between the input andregulated voltages as waste heat. Linear regulators may place theregulating device in parallel with the load (shunt regulator) or mayplace the regulating device between the source and the regulated load (aseries regulator). Simple linear regulators may only contain a Zenerdiode and a series resistor; more complicated regulators includeseparate stages of voltage reference, error amplifier and power passelement.

By employing an LED power supply circuit 15 that includes two linearpower supply modules (IC), i.e., linear current regulators 16 a, 16 b,in parallel, the methods described herein provide that the heatgenerated by the linear power supply circuit 100 a is more evenlydistributed, and that the peak temperature on the driver is reduced. Insuch way the driver is more reliable and thermally stable.

The structures and methods of the present disclosure, including thelinear power supply circuit 100 a depicted in FIG. 2, can provide asmart bulb that is low-cost (using linear power supply topology), meetsthe CEC Title 21 Tier 2 requirements, and can be controlled wirelesslyby other devices through PWM internally. The components depicted inFIGS. 2 and 4 are now described in greater detail.

To solve the challenge of the fact that there is no input capacitancevalue that could achieve the power factor higher than 0.7 and flickerpercentage less than 30% at the same time, the linear power supplycircuit 100 a that is depicted in FIG. 2 eliminates the inputcapacitance and uses only the output capacitance via the outputsmoothing capacitor 81. An example of a circuit that includes an inputcapacitor 82 is in FIG. 3, which depicts a comparative circuit 100 bhaving an input capacitor 82 that is positioned between the bridgerectifier 26 of the AC input circuit 25 and a linear power supply 83.The input capacitor 82 of the comparative circuit 100 b is not presentin the linear power supply circuit 100 a that is depicted in FIG. 2.Referring to FIG. 2, because the input capacitor 82 is not present inthe linear power supply circuit 100 a, the LED power supply circuit 15of the linear power supply circuit 100 a that employs two linear powersupply modules (IC), i.e., linear current regulators 16 a, 16 b, is notregulating the output current anymore, but the input current. As theresult, less capacitance is seen from the AC line, e.g., AC input 24,and power factor higher than 0.7 can be achieved. Meanwhile, a propercapacitance on the output side of the linear power supply circuit 100 acan reduce the flicker percentage to less than 30%.

As depicted in FIGS. 2 and 4, the output side 10 of the linear powersupply circuit 100 a is positioned between the light emitting diode(LED) power supply circuit 15 and the LED output circuit 90, andincludes the output capacitor 81. The input side 5 of the linear powersupply circuit 100 a is positioned between the AC power source circuit25 and the light emitting diode (LED) power supply circuit 15, and caninclude EMI filter circuit 27, the controller power supply circuit 30,and the control circuit 10. There is no input capacitor (also referredto as smoothing input capacitor) on the input side 5 of the linear powersupply circuit 100 a.

In some embodiments, the power factor that can be achieved in smartbulbs 500 employing the linear power supply circuit 100 a that isdepicted in FIG. 2 may range from 0.7 to 0.999. In some examples, thepower factor that can be provided by the linear power supply circuit 100a that is depicted in FIG. 2 may be equal to 0.7, 0.725, 0.75, 0.775,0.8, 0.825, 0.85, 0.875, 0.9, 0.925, 0.95, 0.975, 0.98, 0.985 as well asany range of power factors included a lower limit selected from theaforementioned examples, and an upper limit selected from one of theaforementioned examples. The power factor may also be a number betweenthe upper and lower limits of the aforementioned ranges.

In some embodiments, the flicker percentage that can be achieved insmart bulbs 500 employing the linear power supply circuit 100 a that isdepicted in FIG. 2 may range from 1% to 30%. In some examples, theflicker percentage that can be provided by the linear power supplycircuit 100 a that is depicted in FIG. 2 may be equal to 1%, 5%, 10%,15%, 20%, 25% and 30%, as well as any range of flicker percentagesincluded a lower limit selected from the aforementioned examples, and anupper limit selected from one of the aforementioned examples. Theflicker percentage may also be a number between the upper and lowerlimits of the aforementioned ranges.

The output smoothing capacitor 81 may be an electrolytic capacitor(e-cap). An e-cap is a polarized capacitor whose anode or positive plateis made of a metal that forms an insulating oxide layer throughanodization. This oxide layer acts as the dielectric of the capacitor. Asolid, liquid, or gel electrolyte covers the surface of this oxidelayer, serving as the (cathode) or negative plate of the capacitor. Dueto their very thin dielectric oxide layer and enlarged anode surface,electrolytic capacitors have a higher capacitance-voltage (CV) productper unit volume than ceramic capacitors or film capacitors, and so canhave large capacitance values. The electrolytic capacitor for the outputcapacitor 81 may be provided by at least one of an aluminum electrolyticcapacitor, a tantalum electrolytic capacitor, a niobium electrolyticcapacitor, and combinations thereof. In one example, the outputcapacitor 81 has a value ranging from 0.1 μF to 1 mF. In anotherexample, the output capacitor 81 has a value ranging from 0.5 μF to 0.5mF.

It is noted that the output smoothing capacitor 81 is not limited toonly the aforementioned examples. For example, in addition to the outputsmoothing capacitor 81 being provided by an electrolytic capacitor(e-cap), in some examples, the output smoothing capacitor 81 may also beprovided by a ceramic capacitor and/or film capacitor. Additionally, theoutput capacitor 81 that is depicted in FIG. 2 is not limited to beingonly a single capacitor. Multiple capacitors can be used for the outputsmoothing capacitor 81 to achieve the same result. For example, thenumber of capacitors that can be substituted for the single outputcapacitor 81 depicted in FIG. 2 may be equal to 2, 4, 6, or 8capacitors, in any combination of series or parallel connections.

The linear power supply circuit 100 a depicted in FIGS. 2 and 4 providespower from an AC input source 24, and powers a light engine 350 (asdepicted in FIG. 5). The AC input source 24 is converted to DC currentby a bridge rectifier, e.g., diode bridge rectifier 26, and a voltageregulator 31 of a controller power supply circuit 30 provides a constantvoltage to a controller circuit 10, which may include a microcontroller11. The controller circuit 10, e.g., microcontroller 11, is inelectrical communication with the LED power supply circuit 15. The LEDpower supply circuit 15 dictates current flowing to the LED outlet 90,which powers the light emitting diodes (LEDs) of the light engine 350.Signal from the microcontroller 11 can control the LED power supplycircuit 15 to control the current being sent to the LED out 90, inaccordance with the lighting characteristics being controlled throughthe microcontroller 11.

A linear regulator, such as each of the two linear current regulators 16a, 16 b in the LED power supply circuit 15, is a system used to maintaina steady current or voltage. For example, the resistance of theregulator varies in accordance with the load resulting in a constantoutput voltage. The regulating device is made to act like a variableresistor, continuously adjusting a voltage divider network to maintain aconstant output voltage and continually dissipating the differencebetween the input and regulated voltages as waste heat. Simple linearregulators may only contain a Zener diode and a series resistor; morecomplicated regulators include separate stages of voltage reference,error amplifier and power pass element.

In one example, the linear current regulators 16 a, 16 b may be a dualchannel Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)/analog dimmable linear constantcurrent light emitting diode (LED) driver. The dual channel Pulse WidthModulation (PWM)/analog dimmable linear constant current light emittingdiode (LED) driver may include a 120 mA/500V metal oxide semiconductor(MOS) device. The dual channel Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)/analogdimmable linear constant current light emitting diode (LED) driver maysupport up to 10 kHz PWM frequency. The dual channel Pulse WidthModulation (PWM)/analog dimmable linear constant current light emittingdiode (LED) driver may be available in an ESOP-8 package.

In some embodiments, to ease the thermal pressure on power supply 100 a,the at least two linear current regulators 16 a, 16 b are connected inparallel to share the thermal pressure. In this way, the heat is moreevenly distributed and the peak temperature on the driver is reduced. Insuch way the driver is more reliable and thermally stable. Additionally,the power loss on power device (linear regulator) is determined by thevoltage difference between input voltage (from rectified AC input) andoutput voltage (forward voltage of LED load). To lower the thermal losson the power device, a high forward voltage LED load is implemented inthe design depicted in FIG. 2. In one embodiment, the high forwardvoltage may range from 135V to 155V. In another embodiment, example, thehigh forward voltage may range from about 140V to 150V. In one example,the forward voltage LED load may be equal to 148V.

Taking into account the example, in which the forward voltage LED loadis 148V, and the household electricity in North American being deliveredat 120 VAC (volts alternating current) 60 Hz, the peak voltage 120Volts×√2˜169 Volts. The LEDs 351 and the light emitting diode (LED)power supply circuit 15 (also referred too linear regulator IC), whichinclude the linear current regulators 16 a, 16 b, are connected inseries. In the example, in which the LED load is 148V, the majority ofthe LED load is applied to the LED load and the remainder is applied tothe light emitting diode (LED) power supply circuit 15 (also referred toas linear regulator IC), which include the linear current regulators 16a, 16 b. For example, when the peak voltage is 169V and the LED load is148V, the remainder is 21V, which is applied to the light emitting diode(LED) power supply circuit 15. In this example, a higher LED voltagewill lead to a lower voltage on the light emitting diode (LED) powersupply circuit 15 (also referred too linear regulator IC), and a lowervoltage on the light emitting diode (LED) power supply circuit 15 (alsoreferred too linear regulator IC) will lead to less heat being generatedin the light emitting diode (LED) power supply circuit 15 (also referredtoo linear regulator IC).

The number of linear power supply module (IC), i.e., linear currentregulators 16 a, 16 b, is not limited to only two. Multiple power supplymodules or one power supply module with a bigger size can also be usedin ways consistent with the present disclosure.

Still referring to FIG. 2, in some embodiments, to solve theelectromagnetic interference (EMI) problem brought by a pulse widthmodulation (PWM) signal on the input side of the linear power supplycircuit 100 a, i.e., the side of the linear power supply circuit 100 abetween the AC input circuit 25 and the input to the light emittingdiode (LED) power supply circuit 15, an EMI filter circuit 27 isimplemented right after rectified AC input circuit 25. In someembodiments, the EMI filter circuit 27 is implemented as alow-power-consuming EMI filter to keep the standby power (the powerconsumed by the driver when no light output) lower than 0.2 W to meetCEC requirement. For example, the standby power may range from 0.025 Wto 0.2 W. In another example, the standby power for the linear powersupply circuit 100 a may range from 0.075 W to 0.175 W. It is noted thatthe above ranges for the standby power is provided for illustrativepurposes only, and are not intended to limit the present disclosure. Inother examples, the standby power may be equal to 0.05 W, 0.075 W, 0.10W, 0.125 W, 0.15 W, 0.175 W and 0.2 W, as well as any range of standbypower values using one of the aforementioned values as a lower limit tothe range, and using one of the aforementioned values as an upper limitto the range. The standby power may also be any value that is within theabove ranges.

The EMI filter circuit 27 may include an inductor 28. An inductor 28,also called a coil, choke, or reactor, is a passive two-terminalelectrical component that stores energy in a magnetic field whenelectric current flows through it. The inductor 28 may be a ceramic coreinductor or an air core inductor. In one example, the inductor 28 mayhave an inductance ranging from 100 nanohenry (nH) to 20 milli henry(mH). In another example, the inductor 28 of the EMI filter circuit 27can have an inductors ranging from 200 nH to 15 mH. In yet anotherexample, the inductor 28 may range from 1 mH to 10 mH.

The capacitor 29 of the EMI filter circuit 27 may be an electrolyticcapacitor (e-capacitor). The electrolytic capacitor for the EMI filtercircuit 27 may be provided by at least one of an aluminum electrolyticcapacitor, a tantalum electrolytic capacitor, a niobium electrolyticcapacitor, and combinations thereof. In one example, the EMI filtercircuit 27 has a capacitor 29 having a capacitance value ranging from 10nF to 20 μF. In another example, the EMI filter circuit 27 has acapacitor 29 having a capacitance value ranging from 1 μF to 15 μF. Itis noted that the EMI filter circuit 27 is not limited to embodiments,in which the EMI filter circuit 27 only includes one capacitor 29. TheEMI filter circuit 27 may include multiple capacitors, e.g., twocapacitors 29 can be present in the EMI filter circuit 27.

It is noted that the EMI filter circuit 27 is not limited to only pi(it) structure, e.g., including two capacitors 29 and one inductor 28.It can be changed to any combination of m capacitors 29 and n inductors28 (both m and n are integers, and m and n cannot be zero at the sametime), such as one capacitor and one inductor, one capacitor and noinductors, two capacitors and two inductors, etc.

Referring to FIG. 2, the AC input source 24 for the linear power supplycircuit 100 a is a component of an AC power input circuit 25 thatincludes a bridge rectifier. In some embodiments, the bridge rectifieris a diode bridge rectifier 26 connected to the AC power input 24.Diodes D1, D2, D3, D4 can be connected together to form a full waverectifier that convert AC voltage into DC voltage for use in powersupplies. The diode bridge rectifier 26 may include four diodes D1, D2,D3, D4 that are arranged in series pairs with only two diodes conductingcurrent during each half cycle. During the positive half cycle of thesupply, diodes D1 and D2 conduct in series while diodes D3 and D4 arereverse biased and the current flows through the load. During thenegative half cycle of the supply, diodes D3 and D4 conduct in series,but diodes D1 and D2 switch “OFF” as they are now reverse biased. It isnoted that the power source does not necessarily have to be an AC powersource. For example, the power source for the linear power supplycircuit 100 a may be a DC power source with minor adjustments such asremoving the rectifying components. The EMI filter circuit 27 ispositioned between the AC input source 24 and the LED power supplycircuit 15 that includes at least one linear regulator, such as the twolinear current regulators 16 a, 16 b that are connected in parallel, asdepicted in FIG. 2.

In some embodiments, the control circuit 10, which may include amicrocontroller 11, that is depicted in FIG. 2 sends signals to thelight emitting diode (LED) power supply circuit 15. The control circuit10 is in electrical communication to the AC power input circuit 25through a controller power supply circuit 30, which includes a voltageregulator 31 to provide constant voltage of the control circuit 10. Inaccordance with the signals sent from the microcontroller 11, e.g.,commands, the power to the LED output circuit 90 is adjusted by thelight emitting diode (LED) power supply circuit 15, which can change thecharacteristics of the light being emitted by the light source.

A “microcontroller” is an integrated circuit (IC) designed to govern aspecific operation. In some embodiments, the microcontroller 11 includesa processor, memory and input/output (I/O) peripherals on a single chip.In some embodiments, adjustments to the light emitted by the lamp can beimplemented with a microcontroller 11 having input/output capability(e.g., inputs for receiving user inputs; outputs for directing othercomponents) and a number of embedded routines for carrying out thedevice functionality. The microcontroller 11 can be substituted with anytype of controller that can control the LED power supply.

For example, the control circuit 10 may include memory and one or moreprocessors, which may be integrated into the microcontroller 11. Thememory can be of any suitable type (e.g., RAM and/or ROM, or othersuitable memory) and size, and in some cases may be implemented withvolatile memory, non-volatile memory, or a combination thereof. A givenprocessor of the control circuit 10 may be configured, for example, toperform operations associated with the light engine 350 (as depicted inFIG. 5) through the LED output circuit 90. In some cases, memory may beconfigured to store media, programs, applications, and/or content on thecontrol circuit 10 a on a temporary or permanent basis. The one or moremodules stored in memory can be accessed and executed, for example, bythe one or more processors of the control circuit 10. In accordance withsome embodiments, a given module of memory can be implemented in anysuitable standard and/or custom/proprietary programming language, suchas, for example C, C++, objective C, JavaScript, and/or any othersuitable custom or proprietary instruction sets, as will be apparent inlight of this disclosure. The modules of memory can be encoded, forexample, on a machine-readable medium that, when executed by one or moreprocessors, carries out the functionality of control circuit 10, e.g.,microcontroller 11, in part or in whole. The computer-readable mediummay be implemented, for instance, with gate-level logic or anapplication-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or chip set or other suchpurpose-built logic. Some embodiments can be implemented with amicrocontroller 11 having input/output capability (e.g., inputs forreceiving user inputs; outputs for directing other components) and anumber of embedded routines for carrying out the device functionality.The memory may include an operating system (OS). As will be appreciatedin light of this disclosure, the OS may be configured, for example, toaid with the lighting controls to provide reset functions, as well as tocontrol the characteristics of light being emitted by the light engine350 (as depicted in FIG. 5) through the LED output circuit 90.

Referring to FIGS. 2 and 4, the microcontroller 11 can provide signalsfor adjustments in lighting characteristics emitted by the light engine350 (as depicted in FIG. 5) in accordance with the lightingcharacteristics programmed by the user of the light source. The user mayprogram the lamp 500, e.g., program the microcontroller 11 of the lamp500, by a user interface 460, such as an interface 460 provided by acomputer, desktop computer, laptop computer, tablet computer, smartphone, mobile device etc. The user interface 460 can be in communicationwirelessly to the microcontroller 11.

Referring to FIGS. 2 and 4, communication from the user interface 460 tothe control circuit 10, which can include a microcontroller 11, can beacross a communications module 450, e.g., RF module. An RF module (radiofrequency module) is a (usually) small electronic device used totransmit and/or receive radio signals between two devices. The protocolof RF module is not limited to Bluetooth and/or any other Bluetoothprotocol, such as BLE mesh. It can be Wi-Fi, ZigBee, ZWave, Thread, WeMoand any other form of wireless communication.

The communications module 450 can also implement pulse width modulation(PWM) control of the driver electronics 250, as depicted in FIGS. 2, 4and 5. Pulse width modulation (PWM) is a technique for controllinganalog circuits with a microprocessor's digital outputs. The linearpower supply 100 a depicted in FIG. 2 can implement pulse widthmodulation (PWM) control, since it can directly feed the PWM signal tothe control terminal of the lamp 500, in which the control terminal is acomponent of the control circuit 10, which can include themicrocontroller 11. The communications module 450 typically includes aPWM power controller 455 with the capability of PWM input to control theoutput power to the LED output circuit 90. In some embodiments, the PWMinput can provide that a user can dim the light emitting diodes (LEDs)of the light engine 350 remotely. For PWM dimming, the driverelectronics 250 supplies pulses of full-amplitude current to the lightemitting diodes (LEDs) of the light engine. The driver varies the dutycycle of the pulses to control the apparent brightness. PWM dimmingrelies on the capability of the human eye to integrate the averageamount of light in the pulses. Provided the pulse rate is high enough,the eye does not perceive the pulsing but only the overall average. Insome embodiments, PWM dimming may employ a PWM controller and a MOSFETswitch in the driver electronics 250 at the output of the DC powersupply. These components may be provided by the controller circuit 10,e.g., the microcontroller 11 of the controller circuit 10.

In accordance with the structures and methods of the present disclosure,to implement PWM control, the PWM signal is fed into the linear powersupply circuit 100 a on the AC input side 5 of the linear power supplycircuit 100 a. In some embodiments, the AC input side 5 is between thepower input circuit 25 and the light emitting diode (LED) power supplycircuit 15. The output side 10 of the linear power supply circuit 100 ais positioned between the light emitting diode (LED) power supplycircuit 15 and the LED output circuit 90. The output side 10 of thelinear power supply circuit 100 a includes the output smoothingcapacitor 81.

In some embodiments, the frequency of PWM signal is selected to be highto avoid low frequency noise, which can cause visible flicker to thebulb. For example, the frequency of the PWM control signal may rangefrom 100 Hz to 1 GHz. In some embodiments, the PWM control signal mayrange from 500 Hz to 500 kHz. In one example, the frequency of the PWMcontrol signal is equal to 7.5 kHz. Any frequency in the range of ispossible for the PWM signal. The PWM output of the RF module, e.g.,communications module 450, can be translated to an analog voltage, e.g.,between 0-10V, or a digital package can be employed to control the powersupply.

The high PWM frequency can be bad for EMI/EMC performance, especiallyconducted EMI ranges that range from 150 kHz to 30 MHz per FCC 47 CFRPart 15 Class B. However, to solve the electromagnetic interference(EMI) problem brought by a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal on theinput side 5 of the linear power supply circuit 100 a, i.e., the side ofthe linear power supply circuit 100 a between the AC input circuit 25and the input to the light emitting diode (LED) power supply circuit 15,an EMI filter circuit 27 is implemented right after rectified AC inputcircuit 25.

Referring to FIG. 2, the control circuit 10, e.g., microcontroller 11,may be powered through a voltage regulator 31 that provides a constantvoltage level to the control circuit 10. The input of the controllerpower supply circuit 30 is from the rectifying bridge 26 of the AC input25. The output of the controller power supply circuit 30 is to thecontroller circuit 10, in which that power that is communicated from thepower supply circuit 30 to the controller circuit 10 is for the purposesof powering the controller circuit 10. The controller circuit 10, whichcan include a microcontroller 11, has a control output to the LED powersupply circuit 15. The power supply circuit 15 may have an output inelectrical communication with the output LED circuit 90. In thisexample, the microcontroller 11 can provide signals for controlling thepower supply circuit 15. The microcontroller 11 can provide signals forcontrolling the power supply circuit 15 to adjust the power beingsupplied to the output LED circuit 15, in which the adjustment to thepower to the output LED circuit 15 is in accordance with the lightingcharacteristics being controlled by the microcontroller 11.

The controller power supply circuit 30 depicted in FIG. 2 may include avoltage regulator 31. A voltage regulator is a system designed tomaintain a constant voltage level. A voltage regulator may use a simplefeed-forward design or may include negative feedback. It may use anelectromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. In someembodiments, the voltage regulator 31 may be a non-isolated buck switchfor constant output voltage applications, in which the output voltagecan be adjusted. The programmable output voltage of the non-isolatedbuck switch may support 3.0V to 3.5V without LDO. The LDO is thelow-drop-out regulator. The non-isolated buck switch may integrate a700V power metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET).The non-isolated buck switch may be available in an SOP-8 package. It isnoted that the example provided above for the voltage regulator 31 isprovided for illustrative purposes only. In some embodiments, the powersupply, e.g., voltage regulator 31 for the controller power supplycircuit 30, can be a linear power supply or switch mode power supply.

The linear power supply circuit 100 a may be integrated into the driverelectronics 250 (also referred to as driver package) of a lamp 500employing a light engine 350 including a solid state light source, suchas light emitting diodes (LEDs), as depicted FIG. 5. For example, thedriver electronics 250, e.g., lighting circuit, is a circuit for causingthe light emitting diodes (LEDs) of the light engine 350 to emit lightand is housed in the base housing 200. More specifically, the driverelectronics 250, e.g., lighting circuit, includes a plurality of circuitelements, and a circuit board on which each of the circuit elements ismounted. In this embodiment, the driver electronics 250, e.g., lightingcircuit, converts the AC power received from the base 150 of the basehousing 200 to the DC power, and supplies the DC power to the LEDs ofthe light engine 350. The linear power supply circuit 100 a may be atleast one component of the driver electronics 250.

Referring to FIG. 5, the driver electronics 250 may include acommunications module 450 for providing wireless communication from auser interface for receipt of programmed light characteristic settingsreceived from the user. The communication module 251 may be configuredfor wired (e.g., Universal Serial Bus or USB, Ethernet, FireWire, etc.)and/or wireless (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, etc.) communication using anysuitable wired and/or wireless transmission technologies (e.g., radiofrequency, or RF, transmission; infrared, or IR, light modulation;etc.), as desired. In some embodiments, the communication module 450 maybe configured for communication by cellular signal used in cellularphones, and cellular type devices. In some embodiments, communicationmodule 450 may be configured to communicate locally and/or remotelyutilizing any of a wide range of wired and/or wireless communicationsprotocols, including, for example: (1) a digital multiplexer (DMX)interface protocol; (2) a Wi-Fi protocol; (3) a Bluetooth protocol orBluetooth Low Energy (BLE) or BLE mesh; (4) a digital addressablelighting interface (DALI) protocol; (5) a ZigBee protocol or Thread; (6)a near field communication (NFC) protocol; (7) a local area network(LAN)-based communication protocol; (8) a cellular-based communicationprotocol; (9) an Internet-based communication protocol; (10) asatellite-based communication protocol (11) Powerline Communications(PLC); (12) 0-10V dimmer; (13) Digital Addressable Lighting Interface(DALI) and/or (14) a combination of any one or more thereof. It shouldbe noted, however, that the present disclosure is not so limited to onlythese example communications protocols, as in a more general sense, andin accordance with some embodiments, any suitable communicationsprotocol, wired and/or wireless, standard and/or custom/proprietary, maybe utilized by communication module 251, as desired for a given targetapplication or end-use.

The driver electronics 250 including the linear power supply circuit 100a may be housed within a base housing 200 that is composed of a resinmaterial. The base housing 200 can be provided at the opening of theglobe 400. More specifically, the base housing 200 is attached to theglobe 400 using an adhesive such as cement to cover the opening of theglobe 400. The base 150 is connected to the end of the base housing 200that is opposite the end of the base housing 200 that is closest to theglobe 400. In the embodiment that is depicted in FIG. 5, the base 150 isan E26 base. The light bulb shaped lamp 500 can be attached to a socketfor E26 base connected to the commercial AC power source for use. Notethat, the base 150 does not have to be an E26 base, and maybe a base ofother size, such as E17. In addition, the base 150 does not have to be ascrew base and may be a base in a different shape such as a plug-inbase.

Referring to FIG. 5, the lamp 500 employs light engine 350 includingsolid state light emitters, e.g., light emitting diodes (LEDs) 351, toprovide the light illumination. The term “solid state” refers to lightemitted by solid-state electroluminescence, as opposed to incandescentbulbs (which use thermal radiation) or fluorescent tubes. Compared toincandescent lighting, solid state lighting creates visible light withreduced heat generation and less energy dissipation. Some examples ofsolid state light emitters that are suitable for the methods andstructures described herein include semiconductor light-emitting diodes(LEDs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLED), polymer light-emittingdiodes (PLED) or combinations thereof. Although the followingdescription describes an embodiment in which the solid state lightemitters are provided by light emitting diodes, any of theaforementioned solid state light emitters may be substituted for theLEDs.

In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 5, the light source for the lightengine is provided by light emitting diodes (LEDs) 351. In a broadsense, a light emitting diode (LED) 351 is a semiconductor device thatemits visible light when an electric current passes through it. Someexamples of solid state light emitters that are suitable for the methodsand structures described herein include inorganic semiconductorlight-emitting diodes (LEDs), organic semiconductor light-emittingdiodes (OLEDs), surface mount light emitting diodes (SMT LEDs), polymerlight-emitting diodes (PLED), filament type light-emitting diodes (LEDs)or combinations thereof.

The LEDs 351 can be mounted to a panel, also referred to as a substrate,in which the LEDs may include several surface mount device (SMD) lightemitting diodes (LEDs). In one example, a LED bulb, as depicted in FIG.5, can contain a single LED 351 to arrays of 5 to 10 LEDs 351.

The light engine 350 may include light emitting diodes (LEDs) 351engaged to a circuit board including substrate. The LEDs 351 can bemounted to the circuit board by solder, a snap-fit connection, or otherengagement mechanisms. In some examples, the LEDs 351 are provided by aplurality of surface mount discharge (SMD) light emitting diodes (LED).The circuit board may be a printed circuit board (PCB) the mechanicallysupports and electrically connects electronic components, such as theLEDs 351, using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched fromcopper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. The printedcircuit board is typically composed of a dielectric material. Forexample, the circuit board may be composed of fiber-reinforced plastic(FRP) (also called fiber-reinforced polymer, or fiber-reinforcedplastic) is a composite material made of a polymer matrix reinforcedwith fibers. The fibers are usually glass, carbon, aramid, or basalt.The polymer is usually an epoxy, vinylester, or polyester thermosettingplastic, though phenol formaldehyde resins are still in use. In someembodiments, the printed circuit board (PCB) is composed of a compositeconsistent with the above description that is called FR-4. The printedcircuit board may be made in one piece or in longitudinal sectionsjoined by electrical bridge connectors. In some cases, circuit board mayfurther include other componentry, such as, for example, resistors,transistors, capacitors, integrated circuits (ICs), and power andcontrol connections for a given LED, i.e., solid state light emitter, toname a few examples.

In some embodiments, the light engine 350 may include LEDs that are partof an LED filament structure. The LED filament structure may include asubstrate and a plurality of series connected light emitting diodes(LEDs) that are present on the substrate that extending from a cathodecontact portion of the LED filaments structure to an anode contactportion of the LED filament structure. The series connected lightemitting diodes (LEDs) of the LED filament structure can be covered witha phosphorus coating. In some embodiments, each of the light emittingdiode (LED) filament structures includes LED's arranged in rows on smallstrips. In one example, the number of LEDs arranged on the substrate ofthe light emitting diode (LED) filaments structure can range from 10LEDs to 50 LEDs. In some embodiments, the LED filament structure iscomposed of a metal strip with series of LEDs aligned along it. Atransparent substrate, usually made from glass, e.g., silicon (Si)and/or silicon oxide (SiO₂), or sapphire, e.g., aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃),materials are used to cover the LED's. This transparency allows theemitted light to disperse evenly and uniformly without any interferenceor light loss. The LEDs may be referred to as chip on board (COB) and/orchip on glass (COG). In one example, the LED's on the filament stripemit a blue colored light. For example, the blue light emitted by theLEDs on the filament strip of the LED filaments may have wavelengthsranging from approximately 490 nm to 450 nm. To provide “white light” acoating of phosphor in a silicone resin binder material is placed overthe LEDs and glass to convert the blue light generated by the LEDs ofthe LED filament structure. White light is not a color, but acombination of all colors, hence white light contains all wavelengthsfrom about 390 nm to 700 nm. Different phosphor colors can be used tochange the color of the light being emitted by the LEDs. For example,the more yellow the phosphor, the more yellow and warm the lightbecomes. Each of the light emitting diode (LED) filament structures mayhave a length on the order of 4″ and a width on the order of ⅛″.

In some embodiments, the light source 350 can emit white light having acolor temperature ranging from 1600K to 8000K. In one example, the whitelight emitted by the LEDs 351 may be referred to a “day white” with atemperature ranging from 3800K to 4200K. In another example, the whitelight emitted by the light emitting diode (LED) filament structures 50a, 50 b may have a warm white light with a temperature ranging fromaround 2600K to 3000K. It is noted that the above examples are providedfor illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the presentdisclosure.

The LEDs 351 of the light engine 350 of the lamp 500 may be selected oradjusted by the control circuit 10 a to emit a specific color. The term“color” denotes a phenomenon of light or visual perception that canenable one to differentiate objects. Color may describe an aspect of theappearance of objects and light sources in terms of hue, brightness, andsaturation. Some examples of colors that may be suitable for use withthe method of controlling lighting in accordance with the methods,structures and computer program products described herein can includered (R), orange (O), yellow (Y), green (G), blue (B), indigo (I), violet(V) and combinations thereof, as well as the numerous shades of theaforementioned families of colors.

The LEDs 351 of the light engine 350 of the lamp 500 may be selected oradjusted by the control circuit 10 a to emit a specific colortemperature. The “color temperature” of a light source is thetemperature of an ideal black-body radiator that radiates light of acolor comparable to that of the light source. Color temperature is acharacteristic of visible light that has applications in lighting,photography, videography, publishing, manufacturing, astrophysics,horticulture, and other fields. Color temperature is meaningful forlight sources that do in fact correspond somewhat closely to theradiation of some black body, i.e., those on a line from reddish/orangevia yellow and more or less white to blueish white. Color temperature isconventionally expressed in kelvins, using the symbol K, a unit ofmeasure for absolute temperature. Color temperatures over 5000 K arecalled “cool colors” (bluish white), while lower color temperatures(2700-3000 K) are called “warm colors” (yellowish white through red).“Warm” in this context is an analogy to radiated heat flux oftraditional incandescent lighting rather than temperature. The spectralpeak of warm-colored light is closer to infrared, and most naturalwarm-colored light sources emit significant infrared radiation. The LEDsof the lamp 500 provided herein may emit light having the aforementionedexamples of color temperatures. In some examples, the LEDs 351 of thelight engine 350 of the lamp 500 are capable of adjusting the “colortemperature” of the light they emit.

The LEDs 351 of the light engine 350 of the lamp 500 may be selected oradjusted by the control circuit 10 a to emit a specific light intensity.In some examples, dimming or light intensity may be measured using lux.In some embodiments, the LEDs of the light engine 75 can providelighting having an intensity between 100 lux to 1000 lux. For example,lighting 350 office work may be comfortably done at a value between 250lux to 500 lux. For greater intensity applications, such as work areasthat involve drawing or other detail work, the intensity of the lampscan be illuminated to a range within 750 lux to 1,000 lux. In someembodiments, the LEDs of the light engine 350 of the lamp 500 arecapable being adjusted to adjust the light intensity/dimming of thelight they emit.

In some embodiments, the LEDs 351 of the light engine 350 provide an LEDload of eighteen 8.2V light emitting diodes (LEDs) that are connected inseries. In some embodiments, the number LEDs 351 in the light engine 350may range from 5 to 25, in which the LEDs are connected in series. Toemit light from a light source 350 including this arrangement of LEDs351, the driver can operate with a fairly high efficiencies understandard 120V AC input. The stabilized efficiency can be above 88%,which is higher than the efficiency of switch mode power supplies.

The light engine 350 is positioned underlying the globe 400 of the lamp500. In some embodiments, the globe 400 is a hollow translucentcomponent, houses the light engine 350 inside, and transmits the lightfrom the light engine 350 to outside of the lamp 500. In someembodiments, the globe 400 is a hollow glass bulb made of silica glasstransparent to visible light. The globe 400 can have a shape with oneend closed in a spherical shape, and the other end having an opening. Insome embodiments, the shape of the globe 400 is that a part of hollowsphere is narrowed down while extending away from the center of thesphere, and the opening is formed at a part away from the center of thesphere. In the embodiment that is depicted in FIG. 5, the shape of theglobe 400 is Type A (JIS C7710) which is the same as a commonincandescent light bulb. It is noted that this geometry is provided forillustrative purposes only and is not intended to limit the presentdisclosure. For example, the shape of the globe 400 may also be Type G,Type BR, or others. The portion of the globe 400 opposite the openingmay be referred to as the “dome portion of the optic”.

Referring to FIG. 5, the lamp 500 can optionally include a heatsinkportion 300 configured to be in thermal communication with light engine350 to facilitate heat dissipation for the lamp 500. To that end,optional heatsink portion 300 may be of monolithic or polylithicconstruction and formed, in part or in whole, from any suitablethermally conductive material. For instance, optional heatsink portion300 may be formed from any one, or combination, of aluminum (Al), copper(Cu), gold (Au), brass, steel, or a composite or polymer (e.g.,ceramics, plastics, and so forth) doped with thermally conductivematerial(s). The geometry and dimensions of optional heatsink portion300 may be customized, as desired for a given target application orend-use. In some instances, a thermal interfacing layer 301 (e.g., athermally conductive tape or other medium) optionally may be disposedbetween heatsink portion 300 and light engine 350 to facilitate thermalcommunication there between. Other suitable configurations for optionalheatsink portion 300 and optional thermal interfacing layer 301 willdepend on a given application.

It is noted that the structure and lamp systems of the presentdisclosure are not limited to only the form factor for the lamp 500 thatis depicted in FIG. 5. As will be appreciated in light of thisdisclosure, the lamp as variously described herein may also beconfigured to have a form factor that is compatible with powersockets/enclosures typically used in existing luminaire structures. Forexample, some embodiments may be of a PAR20, PAR30, PAR38, or otherparabolic aluminized reflector (PAR) configuration. Some embodiments maybe of a BR30, BR40, or other bulged reflector (BR) configuration. Someembodiments may be of an A19, A21, or other A-line configuration. Someembodiments may be of a T5, T8, or other tube configuration.

In another aspect, a method of powering a lighting device is provided,in which the method can provide a lamp 500 having a low standby power,low EMI emission, low cost, low flicker percentage, and a high-powerfactor. Referring to FIGS. 2, 4 and 5, in one embodiment, the methodincludes positioning a driver circuit, e.g., linear power supply 100 a,between a power source (e.g., that is engaged by the 150) and a lightengine 350. The driver circuit including an input side 5 including apower input circuit 25 for communication to the power source, and anoutput side 10 in communication with the light engine 350. For example,the output side 10 may be in connection with the light engine 350through an LED output circuit 90.

The method further includes controlling flickering performance bypositioning an output smoothing capacitor 81 in the output side 10 ofthe driver circuit, wherein the input side 5 of the circuit does notinclude an input smoothing capacitor. The method further includescontrolling current from the power source to the light engine 350 with alight emitting diode (LED) power supply circuit 15 that is presentbetween the input side 5 and the output side 10 of the driver circuit.The light emitting diode (LED) power supply circuit 15 includes at leasttwo linear current regulators 16 a, 16 b that are in parallelconnection, wherein by that parallel connection the thermal load isdivided between the at least two linear current regulators 16 a, 16 b.In some embodiments, the method can provide a lamp having a flickerpercentage that is less than 30%, and having a power factor that isgreater than 0.7. In some embodiments, controlling the current by thelight emitting diode (LED) power supply circuit 15 can include a pulsewidth modulation (PWM) control signal that is fed into the input side ofthe circuit. In some embodiments, the method may further includefiltering noise from the pulse width modulation (PWM) control signalwith an EMI filter 27 positioned between the light emitting diode (LED)power supply circuit 15 and the power source, e.g., the power inputcircuit 25.

It is to be appreciated that the use of any of the following “/”,“and/or”, and “at least one of”, for example, in the cases of “A/B”, “Aand/or B” and “at least one of A and B”, is intended to encompass theselection of the first listed option (A) only, or the selection of thesecond listed option (B) only, or the selection of both options (A andB). As a further example, in the cases of “A, B, and/or C” and “at leastone of A, B, and C”, such phrasing is intended to encompass theselection of the first listed option (A) only, or the selection of thesecond listed option (B) only, or the selection of the third listedoption (C) only, or the selection of the first and the second listedoptions (A and B) only, or the selection of the first and third listedoptions (A and C) only, or the selection of the second and third listedoptions (B and C) only, or the selection of all three options (A and Band C). This may be extended, as readily apparent by one of ordinaryskill in this and related arts, for as many items listed.

Spatially relative terms, such as “forward”, “back”, “left”, “right”,“clockwise”, “counter clockwise”, “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,”“upper,” and the like, can be used herein for ease of description todescribe one element's or feature's relationship to another element(s)or feature(s) as illustrated in the FIGS. It will be understood that thespatially relative terms are intended to encompass differentorientations of the device in use or operation in addition to theorientation depicted in the FIGS.

Having described preferred embodiments of a LOW STANDBY POWER SMART BULBBASED ON A LINEAR POWER SUPPLY, it is noted that modifications andvariations can be made by persons skilled in the art in light of theabove teachings. It is therefore to be understood that changes may bemade in the particular embodiments disclosed which are within the scopeof the invention as outlined by the appended claims. Having thusdescribed aspects of the invention, with the details and particularityrequired by the patent laws, what is claimed and desired protected byLetters Patent is set forth in the appended claims.

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A driver circuit comprising: an input sideincluding a power input circuit and an output side including a lightemitting diode (LED) output current circuit, wherein the output side ofthe driver circuit includes an output smoothing capacitor forcontrolling flicker percentage; and a light emitting diode (LED) powersupply circuit present between the input side and the output side of thedriver circuit, wherein the light emitting diode (LED) power supplycircuit is for controlling current from the power input circuit to thelight emitting diode (LED) output current circuit, wherein the LED powersupply circuit includes at least one linear current regulator andcircuitry of driver circuit including the light emitting diode (LED)power supply circuit does not include a switch mode power supply. 22.The driver circuit of claim 21, wherein the at least one linear currentregulator includes linear current regulators that are connected inparallel.
 23. The driver circuit of claim 21, wherein the at least onelinear current regulator includes two linear current regulators.
 24. Thedriver circuit of claim 21, wherein an input smoothing capacitor forcontrolling flickering is not present in the input side of the drivercircuit.
 25. The driver circuit of claim 21, wherein the flickeringpercentage is controlled by output capacitance only via the outputsmoothing capacitor.
 26. The driver circuit of claim 21, wherein thedriver circuit when integrated into a lamp provides a flicker percentagethat is less than 30%.
 27. The driver circuit of claim 24, wherein thedriver circuit when integrated into a lamp provides a power factor thatis greater than 0.7.
 28. The driver circuit of claim 21 furthercomprising an electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter in the inputside of the driver circuit.
 29. The driver circuit of claim 28, whereinthe electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter is present between abridge rectifier of the power input circuit and the light emitting diode(LED) power supply circuit.
 30. A lamp comprising: a light engine forproviding light; and a driver package including an input side having apower input circuit and an output side having an output current circuitto the light engine, wherein the output side of the driver circuitincludes an output capacitor for controlling flicker percentage, and apower supply circuit present between the input side and the output sideof the driver circuit, wherein the power supply circuit includes atleast one linear current regulator and the light emitting diode powersupply circuit is a power supply for the lamp that is in direct contactwith the light engine.
 31. The lamp of claim 30, wherein the at leastone linear current regulator includes linear current regulators that areconnected in parallel.
 32. The lamp of claim 30, wherein the at leastone linear current regulator includes two linear current regulators. 33.The lamp of claim 30, wherein the light engine includes light emittingdiodes to provide a light source.
 34. The lamp of claim 30, wherein theflicker percentage of the lamp is less than 30%, and the power factor ofthe lamp is greater than 0.7.
 35. The lamp of claim 30 furthercomprising a communications module that feeds a pulse width modulation(PWM) signal to the input side of the driver circuit.
 36. The lamp ofclaim 30 further comprising an electromagnetic interference (EMI) filterin the input side of the driver circuit.
 37. A method of powering a lampcomprising: positioning a driver circuit between a power source and alight engine, the driver circuit including input side including a powerinput circuit for communication to the power source, and an output sidein communication with the light engine; controlling flickeringperformance by positioning an output capacitor in the output side of thedriver circuit; and controlling current from the power source to thelight engine with a light emitting diode (LED) power supply circuitpresent between the input side and the output side of the drivercircuit, wherein the light emitting diode (LED) power supply circuitincludes at least one linear current regulator and the circuitry ofdriver circuit including the light emitting diode (LED) power supplycircuit does not include a switch mode power supply.
 38. The method ofclaim 37, wherein the flicker percentage of the lamp is less than 30%,and the power factor of the lamp is greater than 0.7.
 39. The method ofclaim 37, wherein the at least one linear current regulator includes atleast two linear current regulators that are connected in parallel. 40.The method of claim 39, wherein the light engine comprises lightemitting diodes having a voltage load approximate to the peak voltageprovided by the power source, wherein the voltage load approximate tothe peak voltage reduces the voltage applied to the light emitting diode(LED) power supply circuit, wherein a reduction in the voltage appliedto the light emitting diode (LED) power supply circuit reduces heatgenerated by the at least two linear current regulators that are inparallel connection.